Heterarchy, derived from cybernetics, and not top-down hierarchy

To the contrary, Bateson argued. Human preferences are intransitive, and cir-cular, not axiomatic and self-maximizing. On these grounds, he would also contest Arrow's conclusions that no one could come to an agreement in any decision-making body where at least two players were facing at least three different outcomes, unless someone emerges whose will is imposed on the others (thus supporting an outcome of unilateral top-down leadership). Bateson, as we shall see, supported the notion of heterarchy, derived from cybernetics, and not top-down hierarchy.